Biogeography, Timing, and Life History Traits in the PPAM clade: Coleanthinae (syn. Puccinelliinae), Poinae, Alopecurinae superclade, Miliinae, and Avenulinae and Phleinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae)

We conducted a biogeographic analysis of the PPAM clade Poeae Plastid DNA Group 2, which includes 12 subtribes C3 grasses. One hundred and eighty-four species sampled represent 42 43 accepted genera taxonomic diversity in large genera. analyzed plastid sequences matK, trnC-rpoB, trnT-trnL-trnF using BEAST to produce dated tree MrBayes Bayesian tree, on we ran Bayesian-Binary-Markov-Chain analyses worldwide data set areas. split southwestern Asia into subtribe Coleanthinae PAM clades Early Miocene. diversified rapidly Middle Miocene four monogeneric lineages, Avenulinae, Phleinae, Miliinae, Poinae, Alopecurinae superclade (seven with 27 genera). In Late Miocene, Pliocene, mostly Pleistocene, latter lineages dispersed across Eurasia established North America. Dispersals southern hemisphere occurred Pliocene Pleistocene. Annuals occur 15 Mediterranean genera, but few other regions. Beyond phylogenetically isolated annual dating all annuals evolved Cold tolerance is high among perennial species, many occurring alpine, nine ranging Arctic. suggest that alpine subalpine habitats were ancestral. High saline alkaline conditions arose between Pleistocene Coleanthinae, Alopecurinae, Hookerochloinae, Beckmanniinae, Arctopoa. Combinations are proposed for Cornucopiae alopecuroides Alopecurus Paracolpodium colchicum Hyalopodium. A nothogenus × Catanellia Catabrosa Puccinellia.